- #articleseed/addendum Knossos in ancient Crete also had a functional sewer system, and flush toilets as of 18th C BCE. > The [[Irella|protagonist]] of my [[Bronze Age]] [[Civil Mage|fantasy novel]] mostly uses her magic for civil engineering projects, so when she has to deal with a clogged sewer in order to prevent plague from hampering the city's siege defense... I needed to learn more about ancient sewer systems. ## Fun Facts - Ancient Mesopotamians used [bitumen](https://www.thoughtco.com/bitumen-history-of-black-goo-170085) (natural tar) to [plug leaks in irrigation and sewage systems](https://www.reference.com/history/were-public-works-mesopotamia-ea34dbfd933b0102). These irrigation systems functioned until the 1200s, when they were destroyed by Mongolian invaders. - Poor Babylonians used the streets as trash cans and sewers, which were periodically [re-paved with clay](https://www.plumbingsupply.com/pmbabylon.html). This raised the level of the streets over time, so stairs had to be built so the houses could still be accessed. - The Aztecs dealt with sewage through a [complex filtration system](https://informationaboutaztec.weebly.com/sewage-system.html) similar to modern septic tanks. - Anatomically shaped toilets began appearing in [Hellenistic homes and public buildings](https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article-abstract/7/2/163/30154/History-of-sanitation-and-hygiene-technologies-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext) during the Bronze Age. - Egyptian pyramids from 4,500 years ago had [sophisticated copper drainage systems](https://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/discover/2005/march/article2.html). ## Pressurized Water We aren't entirely sure how the Maya used pressurized water, but we know they were able to engineer water pressure before the arrival of the conquistadors. Aqueducts were pretty common in their city of Palenque because there was limited land available, so routing the water underground helped preserve area for living spaces. Pressurized water might have been used to make fountains, either for aesthetics or for drinking water. It might also have been used as a sort of pump for wastewater disposal. ## Down, Down Gravity is a very useful helper when it comes to getting sewage away from city centers, but [sewer pumps also play a really important role](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHAsuPVBwYM). Modern pumps sometimes have moving screens to keep them from getting clogged, as well as sharp cutters that function like garbage disposals to keep large solids out of the expensive machinery. Most sewers are designed to handle 250 gallons of sewage per capita per day. Flow rate is required to be 1 meter per second -- here's a great [video demonstrating why](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpHOkHxpTvQ). ## Cold Clay Wealthy Assyrians had 15sqft brick-lined bathrooms with drainage systems; the palace of Sargon the Great had seated toilets with drains that discharged into a main sewer line. Came across a really nice article about [clay sewer pipes](http://www.sewerhistory.org/photosgraphics/pipes-clay/). There are a lot of really useful pictures of Babylonian sewer joins and photos of towns with hot and cold running water in 1000 BCE in the Levant. ## Perfect Pavers Ancient Beijing used [super-absorbent pavers](https://www.viewofchina.com/advanced-drainage-system/), along with underground culverts, to deal with stormwater management. The drainage technology was set up at least 2,200 years ago; the sewage system in Xi'an used pre-cast ceramic pipes, some of which seem shaped like hexagons, rather than being round.